Jaundice is yellow discoloration of the tissues niticed especially in the skin and sclera, due to accumulation of bilirubin. For jaundice to be clinically apparent the circulating bilirubin levels should exceed 35 micro mol/l
Causes: The causes of jaundice may be divided into:
- Prehapatic = due to hemolysis,
- Hepatic = due to intrinsic liver disease.
- Posthepatic = due to either intrahepatic cholestasis or post hepatic biliary obstruction.
1. Pre-Hepatic Causes:
- Congenital Defects:
- Crigler Najjar syndrome
- Hemolysis:
Congenital Red cell defects:
- Hereditary spherocytosis
- Sickle cell disease
- G6PD deficiency
- Thalassemia
Acquired:
- Malaria
- Incompatible blood transfusion
- Autoimmune
- Hemolytic disease of newborn
- Absorbing large Hematoma
- Hypersplenism
2. Hepatic Causes:
- Leptospirosis
- Drugs ( acetaminophen, halothane)
- Toxins
- Autoimmune
- Chronic Hepatocellular Disease:
- Chronic autoimmune heaptitis
- End Stage Liver Disease:
-- Alcohol
-- Cirrhosis
-- Haemochromatosis
-- Wilson's disease.
3. Post-Hepatic Causes:
- Intrahepatic Cholestasis:
- Primary biliary cirrhosis
- Viral hepatits
- Pregnancy
- Extrahepatic Obstruction:
- Gallstones
- Infestation ( Clonorchiasis, Schistosomiasis)
In the wall:
- Congenital biliary atresia
- Cholangiocarcinoma.
- Stricture e.g inflammatory or post operative
- Cholangitis
- Sclerosing cholangitis
- Choledochal cyst
Outside the wall:
- Carcinoma of the head of the pancreas.
- Carcinoma of the ampulla of vater
- Malignant nodes in the porta hepatis
- Chronic pancreatitis.
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